The Theory Application Paper Heaven Leek. Community...

Theory Application Paper Heaven Leek Community College of Aurora For many of years, psychologists and theorists have studied and tracked what influences a human s growth, learning, and overall development. Although there are many different views of why people may develop the way they do, there is no true correct answer. According to learning theorist, B.F Skinner, he believed that all human behavior was determined by environmental influences. This is what as known as behaviorism. Skinner referred to his own philosophy as radical behaviorism and suggested that the concept of free will was simply an illusion. All human action, he instead believed, was the direct result of conditioning (Cherry, 2005). Throughout this paper my focus will be on learning theories- specifically the concept of behaviorism. A learning theory explains how information is taken in, processed, and remembered during learning. Many influences, ranging from cognitive and emotional to environmental and prior experiences, are taken into consideration when figuring out how a huma n understands something. Unlike a cognitive theory, learning theories do not look at how the way of thinking (i.e thought processes, mental processes) influences a person s development. Some learning theorists who had made the biggest impact in regards to this theory were B.F Skinner, John B. Watson, and Ivan Pavlov. These contributors all assumed a learner starts off with a clean slate and one s behavior becomes

The Odyssey A Central Theme Of Every Journey - 975 Words

Xenia in The Odyssey a central theme of every journey. However, Telemachus’ journey consists entirely of exploring xenia. At the start of the Telemache, the prince only knows the pseudo-xenia of the suitors, and his faith is crushed under it. As he travels from his homeland, to Pylos, to Sparta, and finally back to Ithaca, he regains faith, little by little. He begins to believe in himself again, in the gods again, and finally, in his father. In fact, the kind of xenia Telemachus receives reflects the progression of his faith. (transition) Telemachus finally believes in himself again under the xenia of King Nestor. While in Ithaca, Telemachus does not believe he can do anything to solve his situation, calling himself â€Å"a boy inept at battle.† (2.66) He has had little chance to test his natural abilities and develop the skills necessary to deal with the suitors at this point. Thus, while Telemachus’ belief may be correct, it stems from an insecurity the suitor s had not only developed, but fed off of. If Telemachus believes he is powerless, he can be outspoken more easily, as the suitors demonstrated in book 2. This cycle is finally broken by the xenia of Athena, disguised as Mentes, offering Telemachus the first true xenia he has ever experienced. Though it is incomplete, lacking the exchange of gifts, the xenia of Athena gives the prince enough courage to take control of his household (1.414). Further, he admits another insecurity of his under this xenia- that he is notShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesNadia Mendoza Ms. Kittelson English 9 March 14, 2011 The Odyssey In the epic poem â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer, the journey of a Greek king is traced. Though sailing can sound extremely easy like driving, in this epic poem things are slightly different. Odysseus the protagonist of this epic poem and his sailing crew face frequent temptations that not only determine their loyalty and strength to resist these temptations, but also how long-lasting their sail back home can be. The enlightened messageRead MoreMorals And Morals In Homers The Odyssey1614 Words   |  7 Pages Morals in The Odyssey Each generation is raised with different morals and ethics, and ideas that were once valued become obsolete while other new ideas come to light. The Odyssey, written by Homer, is a collection of stories that were only told orally until Homer wrote them down in the 8th Century. It continues to be a classic greek text taught in classrooms to this day. Homer wrote about a character named Odysseus’ epic journey of taking ten years to get back to his home, after he got out ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey By Homer Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pages The word â€Å"Family†, according to Merriam Webster, is thought to be a group of people brought together by common affiliation. The same cannot be said for the culture in the Odyssey by Homer. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is trying to get back home from fighting in the Trojan War. He has been away from home for almost 20 years longing to just be reunited with his kinfolk. Along the way, he comes across many obstacles that hinders him from reaching his home and family in in Ithaca. Luckily, the memoriesRead MoreOdysseus As The Epic Hero In Homers Odyssey1019 Words   |  5 PagesOdysseus as the Epic Hero in Homer’s The Odyssey A style of work often explored in Greek literature is that of the epic. An expansive poem of a wide scope centered on and regarding the wondrous deeds of the main, heroic figure, on whose actions depend the fate of a nation. The definition of an epic can be used to describe The Odyssey by Homer. In The Odyssey we are introduced to our main character, Odysseus, the former king of Ithaca and a Trojan war hero who has been trapped on an Island by theRead MoreComparing The Movie, O Brother Where Art Thou? And The Epic Greek Poem, The Odyssey,1284 Words   |  6 Pagespoem, The Odyssey, by Homer. In particular, special reference is given to the protagonists Ulysses in the movie and Odysseus in the poem. Without doubt, one is forced to associate the concept of the movie made in 2000 to that of the great epic poem, which is a work written around 700 B.C. Even so, it is notable that the settings of these two pieces differ in one way or another, while the characters seem so similar, and the experiences of the characters in the movie relate to the poem’s theme of perseveranceRead MoreA Comparison of Helen in the Iliad and the Odyssey809 Words   |  4 PagesThe Iliad and The Odyssey are tales written by Homer centered on the drama of the Trojan War. First poem deals with the time during the end of the war, while the latter, which occurs roughly ten years later, explains the disastrous journey of Odysseus fighting his way back home. The character of women in the Odyssey is to exhibit the many and diverse roles that women play in the lives of men. These functions vary from characters such as the goddess that help them to the nymphs who trick themRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Odyssey And The Inferno Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pages Although in both works human suffering is a key part of the story, the different characters of the divine in the Odyssey and Inferno result in a unique take on the role of suffering. We see that people who suffer in the Odyssey sometimes do not deserve their punishment, whereas in the Inferno we see that the people who suffer are suffering justly. Suffering is a very important topic when it comes to writing tragedies or similar genres. It is a topic that authors take very seriously and are meticulousRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey, By F. Scott Fitzgerald1259 Words   |  6 Pageshis own and is accepted by Nestor and Menelaus, especially because his father suffered through the Trojan War along with the two kings. Family is at the heart of decisions, central in society, creates a frame of reference for individual members of society, and is a source of learning. Family, the central theme in The Odyssey, connects individuals, cities, and gods to one another and is a driving force in decisions and emotional reactions. Odysseus’s strong desire to return to his family inspiresRead MoreSatan: the True Hero of Paradise Lost1635 Words   |  7 Pagesedits the tradition of these previous epics in the formation of the Devil as a hero. One of the most basic examples of heroism in epic poetry is the exhortation of the leader to his followers. In The Odyssey, Homer lets Odysseus give a speech that would convince anyone they could survive the journey to the Strait of Messina, Then we die with our eyes open , if we are going to die, or know what death we baffle if we can.(ln.1243-1245) After passing the Sirens, the ship approaches the Strait, andRead More Satan: The True Hero of Paradise Lost by Milton Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pagesedits the tradition of these previous epics in the formation of the Devil as a hero. One of the most basic examples of heroism in epic poetry is the exhortation of the leader to his followers. In The Odyssey, Homer lets Odysseus give a speech that would convince anyone they could survive the journey to the Strait of Messina, Then we die with our eyes open, if we are going to die, or know what death we baffle if we can. (Ln.1243-1245) After passing the Sirens, the ship approaches the Stra it, and

The American Government is Retracting its Social Contract...

Alexis de Tocqueville, a well- known critic of democratic participation in government institutions, stated in his book, Democracy in America, that volunteerism â€Å"prompts [Americans] to assist one another and inclines them willingly to sacrifice a portion of their time and property to the welfare of the state† (Tocqueville 507). Although many members of American society still subscribe to the idea that sacrificing a part of their lives ameliorates â€Å"the welfare of the state,† many critics of volunteerism insist that the responsibility of â€Å"the welfare of the state† lies within the United States government, and not individual members of American society. Critics of volunteerism insist that the federal and state taxes that they pay†¦show more content†¦I argue this not only to call attention to the government’s deterioration of funding for social welfare programs, but also to bring attention to the need for direct relationships between th e United States government and non-profit organizations in order to resuscitate the nation’s less fortunate from denial of government assistance. I prove this argument by addressing Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal Policy because that was when social welfare programs became necessary for basic human survival. I then use John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address to note when volunteerism historically gained popularity. In addition, I analyze the Peace Corps, a federally-sponsored program that Kennedy created, by proving that presidents use volunteering as ulterior motives to gain political clout. Next, I show how Ronald Reagan transferred social welfare responsibility from federally-sponsored programs to non-profit organizations, and describe how that transfer created a distance in the relationship between the government and its citizens. Then, I connect how direct relationships between 2 By Americans, I am referring to all people living within the United States, not just citizens. 3 governments and non-profit organizations relate to the concept of volunteerism by using George W. Bush’s continued attempt to solicit freeShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform

Immanuel Kant - Metaphysics of Morals Essay - 1580 Words

In his publication, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant supplies his readers with a thesis that claims morality can be derived from the principle of the categorical imperative. The strongest argument to support his thesis is the difference between actions in accordance with duty and actions in accordance from duty. To setup his thesis, Kant first draws a distinction between empirical and a priori concepts. Empirical concepts are ideas we reach from our experiences in the world. On the other hand and in contrast, a priori concepts are ideas we reach as an end point of reasoning prior to or apart from any experience of how things occur in the world. Kant then claims that moral actions are supposed done for the†¦show more content†¦The second proposition is that actions are judged by the maxim or principle that was the motivation behind the action. If someone undertakes an action with the only motivation being that of a sense of duty, they are following a valid a priori action. On the other hand if they decide to undertake an action in order to bring about a desired result, then their motivation is one that is beyond mere duty. Kants third proposition then explains that is not the respect for the power of the law but rather it is the moral motivation of an individual who acknowledges that the law is an imperative of reason that trumps our other interests. The will, as Kant describes, is of practical reason. A rational being is an individual who has the capacity to execute their behavior by the conceptions of laws. This discipline of action is also known as the will. Our judgment that advises us on our action is known as an imperative or a command to act on a certain motive. An imperative can be either hypothetical or categorical. In the hypothetical imperative one acknowledges an action as right or necessary if it is a manner in which to obtain or achieve a certain goal. As such you would act on an action if a previous ci rcumstance has taken place. These types of actions come from our previous experiences and counsel us to a way in which our desires can be achieved. Thus, an action cannot be held universally valid at all times if its goal is to acquire someShow MoreRelatedThe Metaphysic Of Morals By Immanuel Kant1199 Words   |  5 PagesGroundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant: A Reflection and Analysis Author name Name of institutionâ€Æ' In man’s attempt to figure out what is right or wrong, they have developed a number of systems that purportedly deal with such matters. Immanuel Kant expanded on his moral philosophy in his work, Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals. This paper will be a reflection upon Kantian ethical principles presented therein and their relation to what is generally called morality. PeopleRead MoreThe Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesof morals in the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant explores the question of whether a human being is capable of acting solely out of pure duty and if our actions hold true moral value. In passage 407, page 19, Kant proposes that if one were to look at past experiences, one cannot be certain that his or her rationalization for performing an action that conforms with duty could rest solely on moral grounds. In order to fully explain the core principle of moral theory, Kant distinguishesRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Metaphysics Of Morals2091 Words   |  9 PagesImmanuel Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals The Greeks classified their philosophy into three fields, namely: †¢ Physics †¢ Ethics †¢ Logic All these three fields tend to interrelate in an attempt to describe nature and the life we live in. Physics is also known as the ‘doctrine of nature’ since it attempts to describe almost all the happenings of life (Wood W. Allen). Physics explains phenomenon such as why does the sun come out during the day, why do we see different colors and so on. It is an attempt toRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Metaphysics Of Morals897 Words   |  4 PagesIn Immanuel Kant’s Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals, Kant argues that one’s duty requires an individual to act against one’s inclinations, wants and desires, in order to achieve a higher moral worth. For Kant, the concept of duty is something that you ought to do despite not wanting to, assuming the duty is possible. A duty contains the concept of good will, or acting on one’s duty, against one’s inclinations, which is how moral worth is achieved. In order for an individual to achieve a higherRead M oreImmanuel Kant Metaphysics of Morals Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesKant argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the Categorical Imperative (CI). Immorality thus involves a violation of the CI and is thereby irrational. This argument was based on his striking doctrine that a rational will must be regarded as autonomous, or free in the sense of being the author of the law that binds it. The fundamental principle of morality Ââ€" the CI Ââ€" is none other than this law of an autonomous will. Thus, at the heart of Kants moralRead MoreA Summary of Groundworks of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant1290 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- Critique of Practical Reason and Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals Summary Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals, published in 1785, is Kant’s first major work in ethics. Like the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, the Groundwork is the short and easy-to-read version of what Kant deals with at greater length and complexity in his Critique. The Critique of Practical Reason, published three years later, contains greater detail than theRead MoreThird Breaking Down His Most Important Philosophies1097 Words   |  5 PagesGroundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 2. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science 3. Critique of Practical Reason 4. Critique of the Power of Judgment 5. Critique of Pure Reason a. Knowledge b. Metaphysics Topic: Critique of Pure Reason In order to understand Kant’s position, we must first understand the philosophical environment that influenced his thinking. There are two major historical movements in the early modern period of philosophy that had a very large impact on Kant: Empiricism andRead MoreComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant David Hume and Immanuel Kant each made a significant break from other theorists in putting forward a morality that doesn’t require a higher being or god, for a man to recognize his moral duty. Although Hume and Kant shared some basic principals they differed on their view of morality. In comparing the different views on human will and the maxims established to determine moral worth by David Hume and Immanuel Kant, I find their theories on morality have someRead MoreImmanuel Kant And The Ford Pinto Case991 Words   |  4 Pages Immanuel Kant and The Ford Pinto Case Immanuel Kant ¶s theory on morals states that  ³nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will. ´ 1 Kant points to other human qualities such as courage, intelligence, wit and others that are  ³undoubtedly good and desirable, ´ 2 however, can become bad if the will of the person using them is not good. Kant maintains that in order for an action to be considered moral, itRead MoreKant s Theory Of Rights929 Words   |  4 PagesKantian Justice Kant believed that humans beings are rational beings, worthy of dignity and respect. That the moral action does not consist on the consequences but instead in the intention of why the act was done. Its important to do what is right because it is right, and not for a personal motive. Kant does not believe in self-interest to be part of the moral worth. Self-interest such as wants, desires, and appetites are part of what he calls â€Å"motives of inclination†. He only believes that actions

Book Report on George Orwells Animal Farm - 4597 Words

Animal Farm is a book written by George Orwell Ââ€" whose real name was Eric Blair Ââ€" published in 1945. An all-knowing narrator in the third person tells the story of an animal revolution on a farm located somewhere in England. The plot is based on the Russian revolution and Stalins use of power, and Orwell uses farm animals to portray both the people of power and the common people during this time. The main characters can be pointed out as the pigs Old Major, Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer; the horses Boxer, Clover and Mollie; the goat Muriel; the raven Moses; the donkey Benjamin; the sheep; and the humans Mr. Jones, Mr. Pilkington , Mr. Frederick and Mr. Whymper. There is no clear central character in the novel, but the dictatorial†¦show more content†¦In spite of all the preparing, the rebellion occurs out of nowhere, much earlier than anyone expected. One day, Mr. Jones drinks too much and forgets to feed the animals. Unable to bear their hunger, the cows break in to the store shed and the animals begin to eat. Mr. Jones and his men discover the transgression and begin to whip the cows. Spurred to anger, the animals turn on the men, attack them, and easily expel them from the farm. Astonished by their success, the animals hurry to destroy the last remaining evidence of their subservience, like chains, bits, halters and whips, and celebrate the rebellion. In the next morning, they explore the farmhouse, where they find out unbelievable luxuries. The group agrees to preserve the farmhouse as a museum, with the stipulation that no animal may ever live in it. Afterwards, the pigs reveal to the other animals that they have taught themselves how to read and write, and Snowball replaces the inscription Manor Farm on the front gate with the words Animal Farm. Snowball and Napoleon reduce the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments: 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy; 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend; 3. No animal shall wear clothes; 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed; 5. No animal shall drink alcohol; 6. No animal shall kill another animal; 7. All animals are equal. Snowball paints the commandments on theShow MoreRelatedBook Report on George Orwells Animal Farm4582 Words   |  19 PagesAnimal Farm is a book written by George Orwell Ââ€" whose real name was Eric Blair Ââ€" published in 1945. An all-knowing narrator in the third person tells the story of an animal revolution on a farm located somewhere in England. The plot is based on the Russian revolution and Stalins use of power, and Orwell uses farm animals to portray both the people of power and the common people during this time. The main characters can be pointed out as the pigs Old Major, Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer; theRead MoreTotalitarianism in Orwells Mind Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor George Orwell hates in government. 1984, a book written by Orwell, depicts a society called Oceania, in which unwary citizens are obedient to the Party, a totalitarian regime. Totalitarianism is defined as a political system in which a centralized government does not tolerate any form of political dissent and seeks to control many, if not all, aspects of public and private life. Another one of George Orwell’s books, Animal Farm, is an allegory about the Soviet Union, and in it farm animalsRead MoreGeorge Orwell and Animal Farm and 19841008 Words   |  5 Pages George Orwell and Animal Farm and 1984 nbsp; George Orwell is only a pen name. The man behind the classics Animal Farm and 1984 was named Eric Arthur Blair and was born to a middle class family living in Bengal in 1903. Eric Blair got his first taste of class prejudice at a young age when his mother forced him to abandon his playmates, which were plumbers children (Crick 9). He could then play only with the other children in the family, all of whom were at least five years older or youngerRead More George Orwell Essay2106 Words   |  9 PagesGeorge Orwell Eric Arthur Blair was born in 1903 at Motihari in British-occupied India. While growing up, he attended private schools in Sussex, Wellington and Eaton. He worked at the Imperial Indian Police until 1927 when he went to London to study the poverty stricken. He then moved to Paris where he wrote two lost novels. After he moved back to England he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London, Burmese Days, A Clergyman’s Daughter and Keep the Apidistra Flying. He published all four underRead MoreHow Is Marxism Portrayed in Animal Farm by George Orwell? Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesHow is Marxism portrayed throughout ‘Animal Farm’ by George Orwell? The main aim of Marxism is to bring about a classless society, and ‘Animal Farm’ is generally considered to be a Marxist novel, as all its characters share a similar ambition at the beginning. ‘Animal Farm’ represents an example of the oppressed masses rising up to form their own classless society, whilst offering a subtle critique on Stalin’s Soviet Russia, and communism in general. Orwell is, ironically, revolutionary in hisRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell954 Words   |  4 Pages For my first book report, I was assigned to read the book â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell. I already had a general idea of what happens in the book, but I didn’t really know completely what it was about. I knew that the animals on the farm rebel against the farmer and the book demonstrated totalitarianism, but I didn’t know much more than that. Everyone I know that has read the book hates it, so I thought I wouldn’t like it either. I h ad never read any of George Orwell’s books before though, so IRead MoreReview Of George Orwell s The Road 1923 Words   |  8 PagesReview on George Orwell – The Road to Wigan Pier Course – BA Hons (With foundation) Community studies. Health, youth, and community Module – Reading Modern Society Tutor – Wendy Bateman Student ID – 1608296 Submission Date – Tuesday 6th December 2016 Describe and illustrate an informed opinion based on research and analysis of evidence Analyse information, experiences, and article reasoned arguments through reflection, review and evaluation. Demonstrate an introductoryRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1089 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigs’ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The firstRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Childhood And The Situations2494 Words   |  10 Pagesforce. In the early twentieth century many travesties went unnoticed due to idleness of the people. George Orwell was one of the first writers to ever become fully involved in his writings and take action to discover the truth. Through his actions as a writer Orwell started a chain of events and continue to inspire political policies present today. The aim of this paper is to analyze how George Orwell’s childhood and the situations in which he placed himself during his life contributed to his writingRead More Animal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes4636 Words   |  19 PagesAnimal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes This study aims to determine that George Orwells Animal Farm is a political satire which was written to criticise totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalins practices in Russia. In order to provide background information that would reveal causes led Orwell to write Animal Farm, Chapter one is devoted to a brief summary of the progress of authors life and significant events that had impact on his political convictions. Chapter

Holy Being Believed To Be Messenger Of God -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Holy Being Believed To Be Messenger Of God? Answer: Introducation The reason as to why hadith began remains a big question to the Muslim community specifically because of the directives by which Quran give regarding serving none other than God alone. In fact, there has been a condemnation of hadith by most of the Islamic communities basing their argument on facts highlighted by Mohammad that there should be no any other book than Quran. Mohammad, a holy being who is believed to be the messenger of God, hinted out that whoever takes a keen interest on hadith is directly sinning against God. In that connection, Mohammad, the Messenger of God issued a decree that all hadith that had been written regarding him should be burnt. That is, people should concentrate more on reading facts from the Quran instead of dwelling much on hadith, the situation that would give rise to lies and false beliefs. In particular, evaluation of why hadith began will be necessary to provide a blueprint of the subject. Hadith are major writing that plays an integral role in the development of Islamic law. Although there have been facts that most of the hadith does not contain real deeds of the Muhammad, it is not possible to elaborate the provisions of Islamic law without appreciating the presence of hadith (Berkey, 2014). Therefore, the main reason as to why hadith began is that there was a need by the Islamic community to understand better the Quran whose hints were easily explained in the hadith. Another reason for introducing the hadith was that there grew complexity emanating from the misunderstanding regarding the Muhammad since his closest companion collectively known as sahaba had diverted their attention towards Sunnah, customs that are well dictated in hadith. Due to that reason, there emerged disunion regarding the authenticity and in particular wanting to assess which side spoke the little truth regarding Muhammad. Most of the Muslim communities had to accept the beginning of hadith sin ce Sahaba had followed suit irrespective of the fact that they were companions of Muhammad. The drawing of hadith came right after the death of prophet of God, Muhammad. One of the interesting issues regarding the suitability of hadith is that it contains the specifications of Sunnah (Amir-Moezzi, 2016). At the same time, Sunnah that means path matches with Qadim that refers to old being or else the Quran itself. Precisely, that is to imply that as long as Sunnah is elaborated in hadith, hadith is the same thing with Quran hence its teachings are fruitful concerning the well-being of Islamic community. Corbin (2014) posits that after the death of prophet of God, hadith was the only way Sahaba would write the right deeds concerning Muhammad so that it could act as a spear header for the growing generation to embrace the steps of the messenger of God. Consequently, both Sunnar and Quran cannot be treated separately hence rendering hadith worthwhile. It is after the discovery of inclusion of Sunnar in hadith that burning such writings ended. Muhammad was a holy being, and his companions believed in him in all their undertakings. For that matter, hadith would prove valuable after the death of Muhammad so that all his deeds would be written for the generations to come. Muhammad was full of eloquence, spiritual charisma, destructive effects as well as straightforward honesty (Berg, 2013). The death of Muhammad solely contributed to scattering of his companions. Coincidentally, it was at that time the Muslim community was expanding whereby they had little knowledge concerning the messenger of God. Therefore, those companions of Muhammad had to think of best ways in which knowledge about the prophet of God would be instilled in the minds of the growing Muslim community, hence, triggering the beginning of hadith. Besides, Muhammad during his time on earth performed many miracles that ought to be recorded. Muhammad healed people, blessed children and touched things that would remain memorable to his companions (Nazri et al., 20 15). People were healed of their illness after touching those things Muhammad blessed, therefore, evoking the need to develop hadith so that all those acts could be remembered. In short, hadith is a collection of writings that play a significant role in the commemoration of the life of Muhammad here on earth. According to Talib, Sidik and Jamsari (2014), Mohammad was a strict encourager who pleaded to people to take into account the knowledge acquired from Quran and Sunnah. During that time, imams, Qadis and judges took hold of the specifications of Sunnah so that they could reap blessings for following all that Muhammad required them to do. Besides, Sunnah proved helpful to the Muslim army that guarded the prophet of Islam. That is, during wars, they rehearsed Sunnah hence enabling them to overcome Palestine, Egypt and Persian army. Due to the continued spread of Muslim dominion all over the earth, the urge to discover the essence of hadith arose (Daryaee Rezakhani, 2016). Hadith augured well with the Muslims who undoubtedly used them as a source of reference wherever they faced challenges. Such high points concerning the success of Sunnah led to the beginning of hadith literature that proves necessary up to date as far as Muslim community is concerned. It is believed that during the advent of Islam, only a few people knew how to write and read in the city of Mecca. In the same case, those individuals residing in the town of Medinah with skills regarding arts were few. Also, were different people followed the culture that was targets of Islamic converts. It was not possible to rely only on the Quran to save the Jews who dominated some parts of Mecca and Medinah (John et al., 2015). Therefore, the need to institute hadith to take care of the growing population for the sake of knowing and understanding concepts behind Islam was significant. The drawing of a constitution by various states at that time had to rely on hadith so that their laws could be adequately interpreted basing facts from the teaching of Muhammad as well as God himself. In conclusion, the reasons behind the beginning of hadith are self-explanatory. Right from the time of Muhammad, his companions kept on noting events that proved necessary for their life, little did they know that they were paving the way for hadith. After the compilation of canonical collections, hadith served a great importance whereby Islamic community was guaranteed authenticity. Islamic law appeared difficult to understand hence triggering the emergence of hadith for simplicity. Briefly, hadith came to being for the betterment of Islamic community now and for the generation to come. References Amir-Moezzi, M. A. (2016).The Silent Qur'an and the Speaking Qur'an: Scriptural Sources of Islam Between History and Fervor. Columbia University Press. Berg, H. (2013).The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam: The Authenticity of Muslim Literature from the Formative Period. Routledge. Berkey, J. P. (2014).The transmission of knowledge in medieval Cairo: a social history of Islamic education. Princeton University Press. Corbin, H. (2014).History of Islamic philosophy. Routledge. Daryaee, T., Rezakhani, K. (2016).Sasanian Empire. John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Waemustafa, W., Sukri, S. (2015). Theory of Gharar and its interpretation of Risk and Uncertainty from the perspectives of Authentic Hadith and the Holy Quran: A Qualitative Analysis. Nazri, M. A., Mustafa, L., Othman, F. M., Sakat, A. A., Usman, A. H., Amin, M. F. M. (2015). The Intellectuality of Al-Dihlawi: A Review on His Contribution in Science of Prophetic Tradition.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(5), 302. Talib, N. M., Sidik, R., Jamsari, E. (2014). Orientalist methodology in the study of Islamic history and civilization. InThe Proceedings The 5th International Symposium on Islamic, Civilization and Science(pp. 438-455).

Ownership and Dividend Policy Environment †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ownership and Dividend Policy Environment. Answer: Introduction: The argument regarding the impact of lowering Australian corporate tax rate relatively wide, where adequate impact of the policy needs to be evaluated. the major concern regarding the corporate tax cut is the loss, which will be incurred by Australian citizens inform of Healthcare and schools. some of the analyst in Australia relatively believe that the corporate tax cut would eventually help companies that are profiting from the current market environment will increase their wealth. On the other hand, the corporate tax cut could directly impact the overall ability of the Australian government to spend on health care in schools for the benefits of the Australian citizens. The decline in corporate tax rate from 30% to 25% wood effect Australian government ability to maintain the level of Healthcare and school provisions that is needed for the next generation all the country. In this context, Ft.com (2018) mentioned that government expenditure is relatively adequate for boosting the ec onomy, as it helps in increasing the overall cash flow and progress in the country. From relevant research it could be identified that corporate tax cut would eventually help companies such as Philip Morris International, where the total earnings are given overseas rather than being used in the Australian market. Moreover, companies such as BHP Billiton is considered highly profitable Endeavour, while the main problem is from the lawsuits that is being filed against the company. This has a relatively hampered the actual profitability of the company due to the negligence on environmental control. Lastly, the evaluation also indicated that the corporate tax cut would eventually benefit companies such as big four banks in Australia, whose maximum wealth is being controlled by institutions that made $30 Billion in profit the last fiscal year. This relatively clears the picture regarding the current Corporate tax rate cut, which would only benefit rich organizations, while hampering this support and benefits that was provided to the normal Australian citizens. Therefore, understanding the current implications of the corporate tax rate reduction would eventually help in detecting the benefits and problems that might incur in future (Abc.net.au, 2018). The corporate tax can directly impact the Australian citizens both adversely and positively, as it has negative and positive impact on Economy. The current position of multinational companies in Australia is relatively adequate, as they are making profits from the operation. However, the main problem occurs when small and medium scale industries, which is the backbone of the economy are being hampered due to the high tax rate. The corporate tax rate would eventually impact the dividend Imputation system that is currently present in Australia. There reduction tax rate would eventually help in increasing the overall evidence that could be paid to the investors by the companies. therefore, with the help of tax cut investors and economic condition of Australia can be improved (Static.treasury.gov.au, 2018). The decline in corporate tax rate would eventually help in improving the employment rate, employee wage rate, foreign direct investment and boost the Australian economy. the mentioned attributes of benefits that could be conducted from the decline in corporate tax rate is achievable as companies with low tax raid would eventually increase their investments in Australia. In addition, Leigh (2018) mentioned that the high tax rate relatively reduces the capability of the corporations to increase their exposure in the market due to the low capability of available cash. Moreover, production incorporated state you would eventually helping reducing the overall loan and short-term trading that are taken by companies due to stagnation of adequate cash. Nevertheless, the evaluation of the above statement indicates that the client in corporate tax rate needs to be ignored by the Australian government, as it will not benefit the common citizens of Australia. The corporate tax cut would eventually boost the economy but in the long run it would help the overall condition and living standard of Australian citizens. Corporate tax cut would only benefit multinational companies, whose overall income is transferred overseas while reducing the actual benefits that could be provided to Australian citizens (Shaw, 2017). The current conditions of the corporates in Australia is adequate, where there is no requirement regarding the extra tax cut for the corporations. The above calculations mainly indicate that using the portfolio is a much viable option, as it comprises of Beta 1, while the returns are higher than NAB. This relatively indicates that with portfolio both the stocks can be used for investment, which might help in improving the returns generated from investment. The portfolio return is relatively at 6.50%, which is as the market return. Therefore, investment and Portfolio is a viable approach, which could help in generating high level of returns from investment. Reference and Bibliography: Abc.net.au. (2018).ABC News. Retrieved 6 April 2018, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-22/more-to-jobs-and-growth-than-a-corporate-tax-cut/9471856 Au.finance.yahoo.com. (2018).In.finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 5 April 2018, from https://au.finance.yahoo.com/quote/BHP.AX/history?period1=1451586600period2=1485801000interval=1mofilter=historyfrequency=1mo Balachandran, B., Khan, A., Mather, P., Theobald, M. (2017). Insider ownership and dividend policy in an imputation tax environment.Journal of Corporate Finance. Ft.com. (2018).Ft.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018, from https://www.ft.com/content/2583a300-0c81-11e8-8eb7-42f857ea9f09 Ingles, D., Stewart, M. (2018). Australia's Company Tax: Options for Fiscally Sustainable Reform, Updated Post Trump. Leigh, A. (2018). Do firms that pay less company tax create more jobs?.Economic Analysis and Policy,59, 25-28. McIlroy, J. (2017). The Trump-Turnbull tax trick.Green Left Weekly, (1156), 3. Shaw, A. (2017). Tax files: Why small really is better: Accessing the lower corporate tax rate for small business entities.Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia),39(10), 39. Static.treasury.gov.au. (2018).Static.treasury.gov.au. Retrieved 6 April 2018, from https://static.treasury.gov.au/uploads/sites/1/2017/06/03_Incidence_of_company_tax_in_Australia_v3.pdf Wagner, A., Zeckhauser, R. J., Ziegler, A. (2017).Company stock reactions to the 2016 election shock: Trump, taxes and trade(No. w23152). National Bureau of Economic Research.